Teaching+in+the+Block+Chs+4-6

= = =**Chapter 4: Four Models of Teaching **= toc Overview:
 * (RJ) **
 * 4 teaching models that enhance student thinking and learning
 * not teaching and telling, but questioning and involving students in processing information and increasing capabilities to learn more effectively in the future.

**Model 1: Concept Development**

 * Leads students through the process of organizing and refining information into categories and finally synthesizing the information by forming generalizations.
 * organize-->refine-->categorize-->synthesize-->generalizations
 * Effective in whole-class setting
 * Valuable at beginning of unit to determine students’ schema or as end-of-unit review
 * Used as a review, this model can be followed by a test to measure individual student learning, but the concept model should not provide a gradebook assessment

**6 Steps in the Concept Development Model**
 * 1) **List** as many items as possible. Must be specific (p.116) or Step 2 will be impossible.
 * 2) **teacher question:**  “Tell me what you know about _.”
 * 3) teacher compiles response list
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">goal = comprehensive database
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">alternative to 1.b. = ask students to write 3 sentences about the topic and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__underline the most important words__
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Group** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> the items.
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher question:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> “Which of the items on our list seem to belong together because they are alike in some way?”
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">query why the items go together
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">indicate grouping combinations w/numbers, symbols, circles, color coding, or rewriting (this book did not include digital affordances but [|Linoit], a [|virtual bulletin board], would be perfect for a SmartBoard projection)
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">some items may cross group but will be sorted out in Step 4
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Label** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the items by defining the reasons for grouping.
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher questions:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> “What would you call the groups that have been formed?” and “Why do you think the items in the group go together?”
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//discusses// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 1 group of items at a time, does <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//not judge// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//accepts// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> all student responses and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//encourages// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> class discussion
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Regroup** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> or <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Subsume** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> individual items or whole groups under other groups.
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher questions:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> “Are there items in one group that you could place in another group?” and “Are there whole groups that could be placed under another one of the labels?”
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this step moves beyond superficial relationships to examine grouping from different perspectives
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Synthesize** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> the information by summarizing the data and forming generalizations.
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher states:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> “Look at all of the groups we have made and make a statement about all of them.”
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher support on this step is critical until students become familiar with thinking processes involved in concept development
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Evaluate** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students’ progress by assessing their ability to generate a wide variety of items and to group those items flexibly.
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher considers:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">student progress for thinking skills involved in the model
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this step leads to further instructional decisions including reteaching or the design of further study of a concept

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Model 2: Concept Attainment**

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Designed to help students define a concept by identifying those attributes absolutely essential to its meaning through comparison of examples and nonexamples.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">define concept --> identify essential attributes --> comparisons of examples to nonexamples --> examine likenesses and differences => essential concept attributes = formulate a definition for the concept w/those identified attributes
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">appropriate within any discipline; excellent for abstract concepts, and best used in a whole-class setting

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Preparing the Lesson: Teacher Responsibilities**
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">choose a concept that can be clearly defined [example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//commutative// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - math class]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">write a definition [ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//combining elements or having elements that combine in such a manner that the result is not affected by the order in which the elements occur// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">select essential attributes [ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//putting on 2 socks]//
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">develop positive examples
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">each positive example must contain <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**all** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> of the attributes of the concept
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">develop nonexamples [ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//putting a sock and a shoe on one foot]//
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">each nonexample must contain <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**some** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">of the attributes in order to help students focus on essential attributes

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**9 Steps in the Concept Attainment Model**
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Select** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **define** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a concept example:
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class concept example:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //commutative//
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class concept definition: Select** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **attributes: must list** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">defining attributes in order to check them against <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **the** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">examples <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **before beginning the model**
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Select** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**attributes** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: must list defining attributes to check them against the examples <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**before beginning the model**
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">math class attributes: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//order or sequence of elements or events;// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //an intervening operation that does not change the original element or event//
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Develop positive** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**negative** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (aka nonexamples) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **examples:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">could be represented pictorially, described verbally, or demonstrated
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class positive example:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//putting on two socks//
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class nonexample:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//putting a sock and a shoe on one foot//
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Introduce the process** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> to the students: teacher gives explanation with specific directions, definitions, examples (see pp. 120-121)
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">must define positive examples: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//each positive example must contain// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//**all**// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //of the attributes of the concept//
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">must define nonexamples: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//each nonexample must contain// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//**some**// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//of the attributes in order to help students focus on essential attributes//
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">must pay careful attention to process, especially on p. 121
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Present the Examples** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**list the attributes:**
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">begin with a positive example and list all student responses
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class positive example:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//putting on two socks//
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**attributes:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //two, socks, feet, hands, legs//
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">second example is also positive; choose it carefully to eliminate some of the nonessential attributes from the first example
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class second positive example:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//studying math and science//
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**attributes:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//math, science, paper, pencil, book//
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher clarification:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> each positive example must contain all of the attributes of the concept
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**attributes eliminated:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//math, science, paper, pencil// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//books, socks, feet, legs, hands//
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">next, then show a nonexample to help students focus on attributes they may have missed in the positive examples
 * 23) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**nonexample:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//putting a sock and shoe on one foot//
 * 24) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">introduce a second nonexample
 * 25) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">forced math students to examine that two activities could note be changed without affecting the results
 * 26) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Develop** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**concept definition:**
 * 27) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher encourages students to state a definition using the list of attributes
 * 28) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">use nonexamples to help formulate the definition
 * 29) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**math class first definition:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//you can do either action first//
 * 30) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Give additional examples:**
 * 31) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">used to check student understanding of the concept
 * 32) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">must identify as positive or nonexamples
 * 33) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students explain choices
 * 34) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students provide their own positive examples of the concept
 * 35) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Discuss the process** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> with the class:
 * 36) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher reviews process of developing the definition
 * 37) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students analyze likenesses and differences involving a concept
 * 38) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Evaluate:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">does the process help with retention of information?

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Model 3: Synectics**

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Structured group activity; students learn to think creatively and to solve problems using analogies and metaphor
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">designed to “make the familiar strange”
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">uses 3 types of analogies to view a familiar topic in an unfamiliar way
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">develops creative insight and deeper topic understanding <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//via// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> variety of perspectives
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">whole class approach
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">excellent for pre- and postprocess comparisons of writing
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">effective as an introductory activity or as closure to a unit of study and particularly effective in improving creative writing and the study of abstract ideas

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Preparing the Lesson: Teacher Responsibilities**
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">determining appropriateness of model for learning objective and choosing the analogies for Steps 2 through 5

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**7 Steps in the Synectics Model**
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Describe the topic** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">:
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher asks students to describe orally or in writing several sentences or a paragraph about a topic
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students underline important words or phrases
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher lists descriptive words/phrases
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher accepts all responses without evaluation
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Create direct analogies** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">:
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students examine descriptive words to form an analogy between the words and an unrelated category
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 1 descriptive words on war
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Step 2 related to a list of plants
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">analogy made between //war// and //dogwood// because plant had symbol of Christ on cross and in war blood is shed
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//war : dogwood//
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Describe personal analogies:**
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher asks students to think about what it would feel like to be the object chosen in Step 2 ( <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//dogwood// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students tell why they have that particular feeling: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//“How would it feel to be a dogwood?”//
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Identify compressed conflicts:**
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher asks class to review the list of words from Step 3 to find pairs of words which seem to “fight” or are in “opposition to each other” and to explain their reasoning
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">class votes for the pair of words that represents the best compressed conflict
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//evil - innocent//
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Create a new direct analogy:**
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher names another category (animal, machine...) for a direct analogy
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//machine// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> is new category
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">class thinks of examples of that category best described by the compressed conflict chosen in Step 4
 * 23) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//evil - innocent// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">is the compressed conflict from Step 2 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//war// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and Step 3 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//dogwood// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> giving us <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//evil - innocent// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in Step 4
 * 24) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">using <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//machine// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> as the new analogy, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//television// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> is chosen as the best direct analogy
 * 25) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Reexamine the original topic:**
 * 26) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students return to the original topic -- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//war// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -- and compare it to the last direct analogy -- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//television// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -- to the original topic -- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//war//
 * 27) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students write sentences or a paragraph describing the original topic -- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//war// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -- to the last direct analogy -- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//television//
 * 28) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Evaluate:**
 * 29) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher compares before and after writings to determine if synectics provides more creative insights and critical thinking

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Model 4: Memory Model**

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">link model associates or links new information to be memorized to something already known
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">not focused on rote memorization of facts/skills, but on logical association of facts with information already in the mind
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher initially guides model by selecting/organizing information to be learned and explaining the process of making associations
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">model shifts to student-centered
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">evaluation is included in this model; students are assessed on their recall of information and ability to utilize the model (no rubric/s provided)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">review association techniques periodically to promote memory retention

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Preparing the Lesson: Teacher Responsibilities**
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">identify the information to be memorized
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students must be able to connect new learning to something already in their minds if “memory links” are to be established
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**teacher goal:** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> developing student independence with this model

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> **6 Steps in the Memory Model**
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Select the information:**
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">define key concepts, facts, other information from studies
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher provides items for memorization
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students identify information by various methods
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">first time use: teacher should generate the list of items to be learned
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Organize the material:**
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">categorize for link method alphabetically, numerically, chronologically, or in any appropriate grouping
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Develop associations:**
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">create strong visual images linking familiar information to new information
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">get new information to “stick”
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Present associations to the class, modeling the process:**
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher does a think aloud with memory links
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students give feedback
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students engage in memory link creation
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Practice using and developing associations:**
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students given time to practice recall: verbal repetition, visualization, pair-share practice, drawing, writing key words...
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students quiz; class challenged for recall
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students practice the model as part of class or homework (or both)
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Evaluate:**
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">students recall information
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">assessment on process, practice, recall
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">student self-evaluation

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Applying the Model** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(pp.135 - 138): this process is a form of storytelling with vivid associations <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Objective: learning order of 13 original colonies
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Select information to be learned
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Organize information learning sequence
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Teacher-developed strong visual images
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Teacher explains objective
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Teacher Talk: storytelling with vivid associations for key words; students personalize images
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Students evaluated by several methods: listing, problem solving, answering a question, mapquests, timelines; self-evaluation

=<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Chapter 5: Simulations** =
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">(RJ) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">interactive instructional method to enhance student outcomes with lifelike problem solving worth learning as a working member of a system
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">[|simulation game] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> = academic game in which students use prior knowledge in a specific subject to solve problems related to that discipline
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">may be used as introductory or culminating activities that follow extensive student research and classroom preparation
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">effective team-building icebreakers that develop empathy and understanding to social, cultural, economic, and political problems; effective in social studies curricula
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">simulations encourage high levels of class participation and interaction and should be brief, imaginative, and involve communication skills
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">work as “what if” scenario predictors with analytical and research skills development
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">build capacity to manage and cope with continuous change

==<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**9 Basic Steps in Selecting a Simulation** ==
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//What is the instructional objective?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> most critical decision in selection process
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//What problem or process is represented?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --> relate to course content/objectives
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Where in the course content should the simulation be placed?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> -->
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">beginning (unit/course) to establish participatory culture for discussion
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">end following lengthy preparatory process involving teacher lectures and student research
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//How much class time will the exercise require?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> 1 class period or 1 block
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//How many class members can participate?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> avoid small numbers
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Who will fill what roles?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --> critical decision in determining high status roles
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//What is the composition of teams?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">heterogeneity
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//What does debriefing include?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> questions that determine if objectives are met
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//What financial and classroom resources are needed?// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> preview materials, physical space requirements and all other resources first

==<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**5 Steps in Designing a Simulation** ==
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Define the educational objective.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> conceptual learning, skills acquisition, empathic insight?
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Define the model to be represented.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> people/organizations involved? create the environment and initial scenario
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Outline the dynamics of the model.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> roles of teacher and students, types of interactions among individuals, environment, and groups; behavior simulations sought?
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Delineate the rules of play.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> procedural rules (length/sequence of events), behavior required, restraints on goals, resource distribution/allocation, evaluation, feedback, conflict resolution
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//List discussion questions for debriefing.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> reactions, perceptions, interpretations of actions of others; strategies in light of outcomes; cause and effect--done differently; comparisons of real v. virtual worlds

==<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**6 Steps in Implementing Simulations** ==
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Role of Teacher** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> observer, umpire but not active participant
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Student Assessment** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> use teacher judgment; will grading distort student behaviors/outcomes?
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Simulation Assessment** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> use debriefing guidelines
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Challenging Goal** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> ensure students perceive a challenge
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Grouping** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> 4-5 member teams self-selected; heterogeneous composition
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Debriefing** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> thorough

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Using Simulations in the Content Areas**
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Social Sciences** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> has greatest volume of literature in all disciplines
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Science** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> 3 ways to use
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teach basic science content
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">educate through science to develop basic skills and desirable attitudes
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">teach about science and technology and their impact on modern society
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**English** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> literature is primarily silent; some ideas include Shakespearean new conference connected to a play; “Captions” (Jones, 1991, p. 185)
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Mathematics** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> simplified real-world events or computer-generated data

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Some Advantages of Using Simulations**
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Student Interest**
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Attitudinal Change** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> more empathetic, tolerant, sensitive to needs/demands of others
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Skills Enhancement** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> bargaining, persuasion, decision-making, analysis, relationships among ideas/people/events
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Cognitive Learning** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> vicarious and realistic experience; knowledge relevance
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Variety and Change of Pace** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> learning/teaching diversity
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Realistic Experiences** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> e.g. “ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">[|Caribou Hunt] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">”
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Problem-Solving Experiences** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> math and vocational education benefits
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Transfer of Learning** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> e.g. driver education simulations
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Responsive Environment** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> immediate feedback from automatic simulator
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Safety** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> safe to make errors without actual consequences
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Fun**
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Democratic** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> opportunities for focused conversation, intense dialog, consideration of social consequences of alternative policies/actions

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Addressing Limitations and Concerns**
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Unpredictability** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> outcomes will vary
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Lack of Teacher Control** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> low-level chaos and lack of certainty are present periodically
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Costs** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> commercially developed simulations = costly
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Teacher Resistance** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> exists
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Time** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> time or hidden concerns/doubts re: academic value
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Availability** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> current textbooks ignore simulations (but the new textbook is a <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**techbook** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Limited Participation** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">--> students can be assigned roles for assessing progress and performance or recording results

=**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chapter 6: Learning Centers **=
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">(RJ) **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">work with individuals and small groups (with initial whole group instructions, usually for directions, behavioral expectations, grouping questions)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">allow students to enrich, extend, practice, refine, and remediate learning independently while the teacher engages other students in the learning community
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">piches content to students with different intelligences, learning styles, and achievement levels so that learners are motivated/interested
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher shifts to facilitative coaching role
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">(from personal experience with this learning/teaching model in the '70s and early '80, I can tell you that it is an interesting process that works, and you can run 4-5 learning centers simultaneously with rotations once you get used to the process; really quite good; I'm exploring creating digital learning centers with [|LiveBinders]; check out this [|Top Ten Free Science Resources] to get an idea of how it could work)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Learning Centers**
 * 1) ===**WHY?**===
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">critical first step is identifying purpose
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ancillary to instruction v. integral component of the unit
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">concentration on lower v. higher-order thinking skills
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">learning styles, achievement levels, and/or interest areas
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">use of time, space, recycled materials
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">analyze data v. shuffle thinking
 * 8) ===**WHO?**===
 * 9) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">students with different intelligences, learning styles, and achievement levels for cultivating engagement, motivation, and interest **
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">interview students about their perceptions on how they learn best or activities they prefer
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">use open-ended questions on surveys and standardized learning style inventories to meet the learning needs of your individual, small group, and whole group profiles
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">group/pair students heterogeneously (when you pilot; subsequently, you can let students self-select) to maximize collective intelligence to work at a center
 * 13) **WHAT?**
 * 14) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">drives value of center to students/teacher; inextricably linked to intended outcomes, objectives, or expectations for learning associated with a unit or discipline **
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">state purpose as part of the center itself; place intended outcome(s) and/or objective(s) above written directions or prominently on the center itself
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">introduce center as whole-group instruction; learning by design = Wiggins/McTighe backward design (know end before you begin design)
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ask students to describe the center objective (reality check)
 * 18) ===**WHERE?**===
 * 19) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">location is critical to successful use; consider environment in construction/placement; creatively consider 3-dimensional space, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">analysis of movement patterns, and identification of electrical outlet sources in planning and development **
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">most difficult challenge (if not working with 21st century affordances); suggestions:
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">moveable blackboard
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">student desks
 * 23) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">carts
 * 24) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">stands
 * 25) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">flat surface for equipment
 * 26) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">book displays
 * 27) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">project construction materials
 * 28) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">center backdrop
 * 29) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">room dividers
 * 30) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">bulletin boards
 * 31) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">hanging manila folders
 * 32) ===**WHEN?**===
 * 33) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">after instruction in appropriate procedures and behaviors, learned essential class routines, unit introduction and guided practice activities have occurred **
 * 34) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">**5 Steps for WHEN?**
 * 35) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">introduce center, describe purpose, behavioral expectations, directions for use, and assessment
 * 36) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">discuss student issues/concerns; troubleshoot location for stations within the learning center
 * 37) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">have classmates observe a student modeling how to set up audio-visual equipment
 * 38) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">after center work is launched, when appropriated, point out positive examples of specific expectations being demonstrated; use precise descriptive language (don't say "good"; describe specifically how "good" or "excellent" looks from a project, product, team interaction, behavioral and/or content perspective)
 * 39) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">involve students in troubleshooting why a center is not working--academically or behaviorally; communicate your regard and respect for their ideas; acknowledge their concerns and make changes as needed
 * 40) ===HOW?===
 * 41) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">how to use your centers is essential to their success and depend on your classroom management style and expectations, organization of the center itself, motivation and interest, development of self-directed, responsible behaviors when using centers as key factors affecting student use of centers **
 * 42) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">**5 Components of a quality center:**
 * 43) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">purpose and directions are written in clear language, backed up by audiotape directions ([|Vocaroo] is a great simple tool and students with a good speaking voice could record)
 * 44) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">must be manageable steps for all readers, so link visual to audible information
 * 45) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">talk through expectations, especially for equipment use (safety issues)
 * 46) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">equipment and materials are available/obtainable without attention from teacher
 * 47) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">a recording sheet/form is used by students to document their work at a center
 * 48) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">the organized teacher provides a manila envelope or folders for students in one accessible location to students/teacher
 * 49) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">teachers need to keep detailed and copious anecdotal information (daily) during student observations; teachers need to develop/find numerous rubrics for each segment of the center as well as for assessment, formal, summative, and observational (RJ)
 * 50) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">hard copy supplies (as opposed to digital) are organized in bins, boxes, containers that are portable
 * 51) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">a specific location is designated for documentation associated with center use

I**nstructional Models in Centers**

 * 1) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Inductive Thinking: think/pair/share **
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Individually read through the center activity
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">record an individual response to the questions associated with the activity (think)
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">get together to share responses with each other (pair)
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">when all groups have completed the center, share responses through teacher questioning using numbered-heads-together or circle of knowledge (share)
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">i**n center-based pairs:**
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">a group of 4 students form 2 pairs
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">within each pair, one student solves the problem while the other partner coaches and encourages
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">partners change roles and solve a second problem; the new coach provides encouragement
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">after working through 2 problems, the 2 pairs check work together, record correct aswers for the team, reinforce the team, and move on to the next set of problems
 * 11) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Cooperative Learning: students can be assigned to: **
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">record information
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">facilitate the center's group
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">manage equipment and materials use
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">act as a teacher-student liasion (all roles should be explained/practiced before implementation)
 * 16) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Synectics **
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">encourages students to use their imagination, insight, and intuition to develop metaphorical images expressed through metaphorical visualizationand unique descriptive language
 * 18) **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Concept Attainment (Chapter 4) **
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">begin with whole-group activities
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">centers can be used to reinforce/rehearse understanding of specific concepts taught in a unit

**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Student Assessment **

 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">best way to send a message to students about center assessment is to pay attention to them working at a center (daily) and the products that emerge
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">centers = place where formative assessment process can be used primarily to inform instruction and extend what the teacher knows about how individual students learn
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher assessment roles:
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">observation of students at work
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">examination of response record forms
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">conferences with students during and after center completion
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher and student assessment of final project associated with aspects of center work
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">teacher overall role(s):
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ranges from high supervision and involvement with specific students
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">circulating for brief conferences with all students
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">"management by walking around" mode to observe students and make anecdotal notations about students about their successes, difficulties, and work habits (on/off task must be documented)
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">observations can (should) form an integral assessment component and requires an organized system for recording and language must be **detailed and specific**